bined the roles of regulatory policeman and promoter.Later, the Merchant Marine Act charged the United States Shipping Board with monitoring and responding to foreign regulations that create conditions unfavorable to shipping in the foreign trade. In 1933, an executive order transferred the United States Shipping Board’s functions to the U.S. Shipping Board Bureau in the Department of Commerce. In 1936, Con-gress separated the Board from the Commerce Department, creating the United States Maritime Commission. Joseph P. Kennedy served as its